Harvard Science Referencing Style

In-text Citations
The list of references/bibliography

When preparing an assignment or research paper, it is vital that you acknowledge the resources you have used because:

failure to do so constitutes plagiarism;
readers need to be able to retrieve the source information you have used.

Your sources must be cited in:

the text of your assignment or research paper (in-text citations) where you have referred to information obtained from a particular source, and the list of references at the end of your assignment or research paper.

In-Text Citations

Short citations included in the text of a research paper or assignment will enable your readers to find the full details of the source in the reference list.

When citing references within the text of an assignment:

Citations must be in parentheses (brackets), or included as part of a statement.
Citations must be in the form (author/date) to enable your reader to find the full details of the source in the reference list e.g. (Smith 1998). If there are two authors for a particular reference, cite the names in the order in which they appear e.g. (Smith & Green 1998). If there are more than two authors of a cited reference, use et al. e.g. (Platt et al. 2004).
Page numbers may or may not be included, depending on the specificity of the reference e.g. (Jones 1995, p.82) to indicate a specific page or (Green et al. 1990, pp. 34-40) to indicate a range of pages.

If you are using electronic sources that have no page numbers, you may use a paragraph number (abbreviation para.) to indicate to which part of the document you are referring.

When referring to two or more texts by different authors, separate them with a semicolon (;) e.g. (Smith 1995; Green 1992).

Direct quotations:

Use double quotation marks to enclose another author's words. A location reference (page numbers or paragraph numbers) must be provided. If your direct quotation is more than 40 words, indent the quoted section without quotation marks.

Example:

According to Sharpe and Rosell (2003), the dominant behaviours of the beavers were "travelling, foraging and being in the lodge" (p. 1063).

Indirect quotations:

If you paraphrase another author's ideas or research findings, integrate them as part of your text in your own words. When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, you are not required to provide a location reference (page number), but may do so if appropriate. Make it very clear where their ideas end and yours begin.

Examples:

Soils across the Iron Cove catchment area are enriched by these minerals (Snowdon & Birch 2004).

Snowdon and Birch (2004) suggested that the catchment area is enriched in these minerals, but I think that ...

Citations from a secondary source:

If you use an idea from an author cited by another author, use "cited in". In the reference list at the end of your paper, list only the secondary source.

Example:

Wheatley (cited in Sharpe & Rosell 2003, p.1065) stated that males may travel outside their territorial boundaries during summer.

Males may travel outside their territorial boundaries during summer (Wheatley, cited in Sharpe & Rosell 2003, p.1065).

Citations for works with no author or anonymous author/s:

When a work has no author, or if the author is anonymous, the in-text citation consists of the first few words of the title (italicised), followed by the year and page number.

Example:

This was apparently not the case in other catchment areas (Mineral deposition in catchment areas 1999, p.34).

The list of references/bibliography

The list of references or bibliography will be at the end of your assignment/research paper, and will usually have the heading References or Bibliography. References must be listed in alphabetical order.

Note: Ensure that each citation in the text of your assignment also appears on your reference list, and that they are identical in spelling and year.

The following elements must be included in a reference:

Author's or editor's name/s.
Publication date.
Title of the item.
Publication information:
- for books, give the publisher's name and place of publication and if two or more publisher locations are given, give the location listed first in the book;
- for journals, give volume, issue number and page numbers;
- for websites, give the full Web address (URL).

Works by the same author and published in the same year are distinguished by letters appended to the year.
Example: If you are using two references by R.M. Smith, and both were published in 1998, one will bear the date 1998a and the other 1998b, and in-text citations will reflect this.

Use web sites mainly to find references in the primary literature, not as sources in themselves (because they are not all peer-reviewed and not permanent).

Books

1. Whole book:

Author/s (surname then initials, commas between multiple authors, use &
between two authors) Year, Title, Publisher, Place of publication.

Examples:

1a. Authored book:

Coates, G. 2002, The rise and fall of the Southern Alps, Canterbury University
Press, Christchurch, N.Z.

Basher, L. R., Lynn, I. H. & Whitehouse, I. E. 1995, Geomorphology of the
Wairau Plains: implications for floodplain management planning,
Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, N.Z.

Note: If there are more than three authors, include all of the authors in the reference at the end of your assignment.

1b. Edited book:

Soons, J. M. & Selby, M. J. (eds) 1992, Landforms of New Zealand,
Longman Paul, Auckland , N.Z.

2. An article or chapter in an edited book:

Author of article/chapter Year, 'Title of article/chapter', in Names of editor/s
(ed/s), Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication, pagination.

Examples:

Jeanne, R. L. 1991, 'Polyethism', in K. G. Ross & R. W. Matthews (eds), The
social biology of wasps, Cornell University Press, New York, pp.389-
425.

Keller, L. & Reeve, H. K. 1999, 'Dynamics of conflicts within insect societies',
in L. Keller (ed.), Levels of selection in evolution, Princeton University
Press, Princeton, New Jersey, pp.153-175.

Journal articles:

Author/s Year, 'Article title', Journal title, vol. number and issue number,
pagination.

Examples:

Basher, L. R., Ross, C. W. & Dando, J. 2004, 'Effects of carrot growing on
volcanic ash soils in the Ohakune area, New Zealand', Australian
Journal of Soil Research, vol. 42, no. 3, pp.259-272.

Henshaw, M. J., Strassmann, J. E., Quach, S. Q. & Queller, D. C. 2000,
         'Male production in Parachartergus colobopterus, a neotropical,
         swarm-founding wasp', Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, vol. 12,
         pp.161-174.

Conference papers:

Example of a conference paper from published proceedings:

Trump, A. 1986, 'Power play', Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference,
International Society of Power Engineers, Houston Texas, pp. 40-51.

Example of a paper presented at a conference/meeting (unpublished):

Lanktree, C. & Briere, J. January 1991, Early data on trauma symptom
checklists for children, Paper presented at the meeting of the American
Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, San Diego.

Note: In the above example, the title is not italicised as this has not been published.

Websites:

Author/s or corporate author Year of publication/latest update, Title of webpage, Date
of viewing, Webpage address/URL.

Website Example should read as follows with no caps in the title:

Snowdon, C. T. 1997, Significance of animal behaviour research, viewed
20 February 2004, http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/valueofa.htm

Websites with no author:

Mariner 2002: Undergraduate student information, 2002, viewed 3 April 2002,
http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/ns/Notices/General/Mariner/Contents.html

Websites with no date:

If a year of publication does not appear on the web page, use n.d. in place of the year.

Central South Island glacial geomorphology, n.d., viewed 3 August 2004,
http://maps.gns.cri.nz/website/csigg/

Theses:

Author Year, Title, Type of thesis, University.

Note: Theses are unpublished works, and therefore the title is not italicised.

Examples:

Matheson, S. G. 1981, The volcanic geology of the Mt Karioi region, M.Sc.
Thesis, University of Waikato.

Freedberg, S. 2003, Natal homing in a freshwater turtle demonstrated through
mitochondrial sequencing and mark-recapture data, PhD. Thesis,
Indiana University.

Reports:

Author(s) of report Year of publication, Title of report, Report series code and
number, Sponsoring body or body issuing report series, Publisher (if
different from sponsoring body), City.

Examples:

Kogan, P., Moses, I. & El-Khawas, E. H. 1994, Staffing higher education:
         meeting new challenges: report of the IMHE project on policies for
         academic staffing in higher education, Higher education policy series,
         no. 27, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London.

May, T. W. & Avram, J. 1997, The conservation status and distribution of
macrofungi in Victoria. A report prepared for the Australian Heritage
Commission, Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.

Pamphlets:

Pamphlets often have no specific author.

Example of a pamphlet where the author is also the publisher:

Wellington Regional Council [1995], Facing the future: a ten year plan for the
Wellington Regional Council, Author, [Wellington , N.Z.].

In the above example, the pamphlet is produced and published by the Wellington Regional Council, hence the word "Author" in the publisher field of the reference. The square brackets around the date and place of publication indicate that these are assumed (from information appearing in the pamphlet).

When there is no date of publication (and no indication of it within the pamphlet), the reference will appear as follows:

Wellington Regional Council n.d., Facing the future: a ten year plan for the Wellington
Regional Council , Author, [Wellington , N.Z.].

The n.d. stands for "no date".

Parliamentary acts or legislation:

Government acts are produced and published by the government, thus the author and publisher are the same.

Example:

New Zealand Government 1991, Resource Management Act, Author, Wellington, N.Z.

The in-text citation would appear as follows:

Waste materials may be dumped only if resource consent has been obtained (New Zealand Government 1991, s. 15, ss.15A).

Maps:

If the name of the originator (cartographer, compiler, editor, maker etc.) is known, the following elements are included in a reference for a map:

Originator's name Year, Title of map, Scale of map, Publisher,
Place of publication.

Examples:

Mason, J. 1832, Map of the countries lying between Spain and India,
1:8,000,000, Ordnance Survey, London.

Land Information New Zealand 1988, North Cape, 1:50,000, Land
Information New Zealand, Wellington.

If the name of the originator is not known, the following elements are included in a reference for a map:

Title of map Year, Scale of map, Publisher, Place of publication.

Course notes:

Course notes/handouts are unpublished works, and therefore the title is not italicised.

Author/lecturer Year, Title [Course notes], Course code Paper title, Department, University,
City.

Example:

Scooby, B. 2001, Discovering our planet [Course notes], ERTH105 World we live in,
Department of Earth Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, N.Z.

For information on avoiding plagiarism, see the WISE Online Tutorial Avoiding Plagiarism Module)

References used for this guide

Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, John Wiley, Milton, Qld.

Located in Central Library (Level 3 Books) at Call Number Z253.S8 2002.